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Văn phòng chính : 131 Nguyễn Minh Hoàng, P.12, Q.Tân Bình, TP.HCM
Sơ Đồ Quy Trình Vận Chuyển Hàng Hóa Bằng Đường Biển Quốc Tế Quy trình vận chuyển hàng hóa bằng đường biển không chỉ là một hoạt động thương mại quen thuộc mà còn là một nghệ thuật phức tạp. Từ việc lựa chọn tàu, đóng gói hàng hóa, đến việc đảm bảo an toàn và tuân thủ các quy định quốc tế, mỗi bước đều đòi hỏi sự tỉ mỉ và chuyên nghiệp. Hãy cùng Helen Express khám phá sự phong phú và đa dạng của quy trình này qua bài viết dưới đây.
Vận tải đường biển là gì? Vận tải biển là phương thức vận chuyển hàng hóa sử dụng hạ tầng và cơ sở vật chất của đường biển, nhằm hỗ trợ hoạt động vận chuyển. Các phương tiện vận chuyển, như tàu thuyền, và thiết bị xếp dỡ hàng hóa, như xe cần cẩu, phụ thuộc vào loại hàng hóa và tuyến đường. Cơ sở hạ tầng hỗ trợ vận tải biển bao gồm các cảng biển và cảng trung chuyển.
Gửi hàng bằng đường biển rất phù hợp cho việc giao thương quốc tế hoặc vận chuyển hàng hóa nội địa trong các khu vực gần biển hoặc các khu vực có tàu cập bến. Do tàu vận chuyển thường có quy mô và trọng tải lớn, vận tải đường biển thường được sử dụng rộng rãi trong ngành xuất nhập khẩu để vận chuyển hàng hóa có khối lượng lớn.
Quy trình vận chuyển hàng hóa bằng đường biển quốc tế Bước 1: Đặt chỗ tàu Để bắt đầu quy trình gửi hàng qua đường biển, doanh nghiệp cần thuê dịch vụ Forwarder để đặt chỗ tàu (booking) và nhận được báo giá tốt nhất.
Quá trình này đòi hỏi doanh nghiệp phải xem xét cẩn thận các chi tiết như cảng xuất phát, cảng đích, ngày tàu khởi hành (ETD), ngày tàu đến nơi (ETA), và loại container (bao gồm số lượng container, v.v.), cũng như một số dữ liệu khác để sắp xếp việc giao hàng cho Forwarder một cách đúng hạn.
Bước 2: Đóng gói hàng hóa Tiếp theo, tùy thuộc vào loại hàng hóa, doanh nghiệp sẽ thực hiện đóng gói tại kho. Đối với hàng lẻ (LCL), hàng sẽ được đóng gói tại kho và ghi ký mã hiệu (Shipping mark) theo yêu cầu của người nhập khẩu.
Công ty Forwarder sẽ đưa hàng ra kho hàng lẻ CFS tại cảng và đóng hàng vào container chung với nhiều lô hàng lẻ khác.
Trong trường hợp đóng hàng nguyên (FCL), hàng sẽ được đóng container và kẹp chì (seal container) ngay tại kho của người xuất khẩu, sau đó được bàn giao cho công ty Forwarder đưa hàng ra bãi container (CY) tại cảng.
Bước 3: Thực hiện thủ tục hải quan xuất khẩu Sau khi hàng hóa đóng gói và tới cảng, doanh nghiệp phải chuẩn bị toàn bộ chứng từ liên quan để thực hiện thủ tục hải quan xuất khẩu. Doanh nghiệp truyền tờ khai hải quan và thực hiện các thủ tục hải quan tại cảng. Đây là những công việc yêu cầu nghiệp vụ chuyên môn và thường tốn rất nhiều thời gian.
Do đó, nhiều doanh nghiệp lựa chọn thuê Forwarder để tiết kiệm thời gian và chi phí cho lô hàng của mình. Đối với một số mặt hàng đặc thù, doanh nghiệp cần thực hiện thêm một số công việc như xin giấy phép xuất khẩu, hun trùng,…
Bước 4: Phát hành vận đơn (B/L) Khi hoàn thành thủ tục hải quan xuất khẩu, lô hàng sẽ được đưa lên tàu và rời cảng. Người xuất khẩu cung cấp thông tin làm vận đơn (SI) cho công ty giao nhận từ khi chuẩn bị đóng hàng. Thông tin này được gửi cho hãng tàu để phát hành vận đơn (B/L) cho người xuất khẩu sau khi tàu chạy.
Bước 5: Gửi chứng từ Để hoàn tất quá trình xuất khẩu, người xuất khẩu phải chuẩn bị đủ chứng từ theo yêu cầu của người nhập khẩu.
Bộ chứng từ này bao gồm hợp đồng thương mại (Contract), hóa đơn thương mại (Invoice), phiếu đóng gói hàng hóa chi tiết (Packing List), vận đơn (Bill of Lading), giấy chứng nhận nguồn gốc xuất xứ (C/O), catalogue của sản phẩm, v.v.
Bộ chứng từ này có thể được gửi trực tiếp cho người nhập khẩu nếu thanh toán bằng TT hoặc thông qua ngân hàng nếu thanh toán bằng L/C.
Bước 6: Kiểm tra chứng từ Khi nhận được bộ chứng từ, doanh nghiệp nhập khẩu kiểm tra lại toàn bộ thông tin xem đã chính xác và phù hợp chưa. Nếu phát hiện thông tin không chính xác, doanh nghiệp nhập khẩu cần yêu cầu bên bán sửa lại ngay. Việc kiểm tra chứng từ này vô cùng quan trọng để tránh bị cơ quan hải quan phạt.
Bước 7: Thông báo hàng đến Đại lý của hãng vận tải tại cảng đến sẽ gửi thông báo hàng đến (Notice of Arrival) cho doanh nghiệp nhập khẩu trước ngày tàu cập cảng. Trong trường hợp doanh nghiệp thuê Forwarder thì thông báo hàng đến sẽ được gửi đến cho Forwarder.
Sau khi có thông báo được gửi đến, doanh nghiệp hoặc Forwarder sẽ cần kiểm tra lại các thông tin như ngày tàu cập cảng, kho hàng hoặc nơi lưu giữ chờ thông quan, các loại phí phải nộp, v.v. để chủ động cho việc làm thủ tục hải quan.
Bước 8: Lệnh giao hàng Doanh nghiệp nhập khẩu cung cấp bộ chứng từ cho công ty Forwarder để xuất trình vận đơn gốc (B/L) và nộp các loại phí cho hãng tàu và nhận lệnh giao hàng. Đồng thời, công ty Forwarder cũng tiến hành tìm vị trí hãng và làm phiếu xuất kho tại cảng.
Bước 9: Thủ tục hải quan nhập khẩu Ngay cả khi hàng nhập khẩu chưa cập cảng, doanh nghiệp có thể bắt đầu mở tờ khai hải quan điện tử để tiết kiệm thời gian. Sau khi hàng cập cảng, doanh nghiệp tiến hành thực hiện thông quan hàng hóa.
Đối với một số loại hàng hóa đặc thù, doanh nghiệp cần chuẩn bị thêm các chứng từ và mang hàng đi kiểm tra chất lượng. Sau khi kiểm tra chuyên ngành và nhận được chứng nhận công bố hợp quy thì lô hàng mới hoàn thành thủ tục hải quan.
Việc thực hiện thủ tục hải quan nhập khẩu là công việc đòi hỏi nhiều kỹ thuật và chuyên môn, do đó nhiều doanh nghiệp quyết định thuê Forwarder để giảm thiểu rủi ro và chi phí cho lô hàng của mình.
Bước 10: Dỡ hàng Sau khi hoàn thành thủ tục hải quan, lô hàng được công ty Forwarder điều chuyển bằng xe và đưa về kho của người nhập khẩu. Trong trường hợp hàng nguyên container (FCL), cần phải dỡ hàng khỏi container và trả container rỗng về cho hãng tàu tại cảng.
Qua bài viết này Helen Express, chúng ta đã hiểu rõ hơn về quy trình vận chuyển hàng hóa bằng đường biển , một quá trình đầy thách thức nhưng cũng đầy thú vị. Từ việc lựa chọn tàu, đến việc đảm bảo an toàn, mỗi chi tiết đều mang lại một cái nhìn độc đáo về thế giới thương mại quốc tế. Đừng quên theo dõi và ủng hộ trang chủ của chúng tôi nhiệt tình nhé!
Tôi là Hồ Thu Hòa – cố vấn chuyên môn tại Helen Express. Với hơn 20 năm kinh nghiệm trong lĩnh vực logistics và chuỗi cung ứng, tôi tư vấn chiến lược cho các doanh nghiệp về quản lý chuỗi cung ứng, vận tải, kho bãi, hải quan. Với kinh nghiệm và kiến thức chuyên môn sâu rộng, tôi sẽ hỗ trợ các doanh nghiệp tối ưu hóa chi phí logistics, nâng cao năng lực cạnh tranh.