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Văn phòng chính : 131 Nguyễn Minh Hoàng, P.12, Q.Tân Bình, TP.HCM
SBLC là gì? Vai trò & quy trình thanh toán thư tín dụng dự phòng Trong giao dịch xuất nhập khẩu, có rất nhiều hình thức thanh toán khác nhau. Một trong những hình thức thanh toán phổ biến là SBLC - Standby Letter of Credit hay thanh toán thư tín dụng dự phòng. Trong bài viết này, cùng Helen Express tìm hiểu SBLC là gì, vai trò, phân loại, điều kiện và quy trình thanh toán thư tín dụng dự phòng, bên cạnh đó là so sánh L/C thương mại với L/C dự phòng nhé!
SBLC - Standby Letter of Credit là gì? SBLC - Standby Letter of Credit hay thư tín dụng dự phòng là một loại thư tín dụng được phát hành bởi ngân hàng, giúp đảm bảo thanh toán, đền bù thiệt hại cho bên thứ ba được chỉ định (bên hưởng lợi) nếu như khách hàng của ngân hàng không thực hiện thanh toán theo các điều khoản trong hợp đồng với bên hưởng lợi. Đây là một công cụ được áp dụng phổ biến trong các giao dịch thương mại quốc tế, giúp tăng tính an toàn cho bên bán và thể hiện sự chân thành trong hợp tác và cam kết của bên mua.
Vai trò của thư tín dụng dự phòng trong thanh toán quốc tế Vai trò của thư tín dụng dự phòng trong thanh toán quốc tế Thư tín dụng dự phòng - SBLC đóng vai trò quan trọng trong các hoạt động thanh toán quốc tế:
Đảm bảo thanh toán: L/C dự phòng giúp đảm bảo thanh toán ngay cả trong trường hợp người mua không thực hiện đủ nghĩa vụ. Khi này ngân hàng sẽ cam kết thanh toán cho người bán (người hưởng lợi). Điều này giúp người bán “an toàn” tài chính hơn trong các giao dịch thương mại của mình. Thể hiện mối quan hệ hợp tác: Thư tín dụng dự phòng thể hiện sự chân thành, cam kết của người mua trong mối quan hệ hợp tác thương mại với người mua. Điều này cũng sẽ thúc đẩy hợp tác nhanh chóng và bền vững hơn. Giải quyết các tranh chấp: Trong trường hợp xảy ra tranh chấp thì L/C dự phòng có thể cung cấp một phương tiện thanh toán thay thế hoặc bổ sung khi các bên không thực hiện các nghĩa vụ theo đúng cam kết. Phân loại L/C dự phòng Phân loại L/C dự phòng Tùy vào tính chất của các giao dịch và nhu cầu của bên mua và bán mà có nhiều loại L/C dự phòng khác nhau. Dưới đây là một số loại phổ biến mà ngân hàng thường đề xuất cho doanh nghiệp:
L/C dự phòng đảm bảo thực hiện: Hình thức này giúp nghĩa vụ thực hiện hợp đồng của người xin mở L/C, thường được áp dụng cho hợp đồng thương mại, đầu tư, xây dựng, … L/C dự phòng đảm bảo dự thầu: Hình thức này được áp dụng trong các quy trình đấu thầu, trong đó ngân hàng cam kết sẽ trả một số tiền cho bên hưởng lợi nếu người xin mở L/C trúng thầu nhưng không thực hiện nghĩa vụ của mình khi trúng thầu. SBLC tài chính: Hình thức này ngân hàng phát hành L/C sẽ bảo lãnh trách nhiệm trả tiền cho một khoản tiền đã vay nếu như người mở L/C dự phòng không thực hiện nghĩa vụ trả khoản vay đó. Giá trị L/C tối đa là 100% giá trị hợp đồng cơ sở. L/C dự phòng bảo hiểm: Đây là hình thức mà ngân hàng phát hành L/C cam kết sẽ thanh toán khoản phí bảo hiểm nếu người yêu cầu mở SBLC không nộp phí bảo hiểm hoặc tái bảo hiểm đúng hạn. L/C dự phòng thương mại: Đây là hình thức bảo lãnh nghĩa vụ thanh toán của người xin mở SBLC trong trường hợp thanh toán không đúng phương thức ghi trong hợp đồng. SBLC trả tiền trực tiếp: Đây là hình thức đảm bảo thanh toán khi đến hạn theo quy định của hợp đồng cơ sở mà không quan tâm việc có vi phạm hợp đồng hay không. Ngoài ra còn có một số loại L/C dự phòng khác như L/C dự phòng cho khoản ứng trước (Bảo lãnh trách nhiệm thanh toán cho khoản tiền đã ứng trước) hay L/C dự phòng đối ứng (Đảm bảo thanh toán giữa các bên liên quan trong giao dịch).
Điều kiện để thanh toán L/C dự phòng Điều kiện để thanh toán L/C dự phòng Để có thể thanh toán L/C dự phòng, người yêu cầu mở L/C phải đảm bảo nguồn vốn thanh toán và làm đơn yêu cầu mở L/C đúng quy định. Trong trường hợp mở L/C bằng vốn tự có, người yêu cầu mở L/C sẽ phải ký quỹ 100% hoặc liên hệ với bộ phận tín dụng thẩm định tài chính để được yêu cầu miễn, giảm mức ký quỹ. Trong trường hợp L/C phát hành bằng vốn vay của ngân hàng, người yêu cầu mở L/C liên hệ với bộ phận tín dụng thẩm định để được xem xét.
Về đơn yêu cầu mở L/C, doanh nghiệp sẽ cần chuẩn bị các giấy tờ như giấy đăng ký kinh doanh, mã số xuất nhập khẩu, bản gốc hợp đồng ngoại thương, giấy phép nhập khẩu, cam kết thanh toán, hợp đồng tín dụng …
Các bên tham gia trong thư tín dụng dự phòng Trong hoạt động thanh toán thư tín dụng dự phòng sẽ có 3 bên sau tham gia:
Applicant: Là người yêu cầu mở L/C hay chính là người mua hàng, người nhập khẩu. Beneficiary: Là người hưởng lợi L/C hay chính là người xuất khẩu. Issuing or Opening Bank: Là ngân hàng mở L/C - ngân hàng đại diện của người mua. Ngoài ra, có thể có thêm một số ngân hàng khác tham gia, đóng các vai trò khác nhau như thông báo L/C cho người hưởng lợi, đảm bảo khả năng thanh toán L/C (trong trường hợp ngân hàng mở L/C không đủ khả năng thanh toán), …
Quy trình thanh toán thư tín dụng dự phòng Thư tín dụng dự phòng được áp dụng trong trường hợp hai bên không thực hiện đúng các điều khoản của hợp đồng L/C.
Nếu người bán không thực hiện đúng nghĩa vụ thì áp dụng L/C dự phòng ngân hàng sẽ thanh toán lại số tiền mà người mở L/C dự phòng (người mua) đã vay hoặc được ứng trước. Người mua có thể nhận lại tiền đã mở LC mà không cần chờ đến khi giao dịch hoàn tất. Nếu người mua (người mở L/C) không thực hiện đúng nghĩa vụ, thanh toán cho người bán thì ngân hàng sẽ đứng ra để trả cho người bán (người hưởng lợi). So sánh thanh toán L/C thương mại với L/C dự phòng So sánh thanh toán L/C thương mại với L/C dự phòng L/C thương mại (Letter of Credit) - thư tín dụng thương mại là loại giấy tờ mà ngân hàng phát hành theo yêu cầu của bên nhập khẩu để cam kết thanh toán một khoản tiền nhất định cho bên xuất khẩu trong một khoảng thời gian nhất định. Đây cũng làm một hình thức rất phổ biến trong các hoạt động xuất nhập khẩu, thương mại quốc tế.
Tuy nhiên, L/C dự phòng và L/C thương mại là hai hình thức có nhiểu điểm khác biệt cụ thể như sau:
Chỉ tiêu
L/C thương mại
L/C dự phòng
Mục đích sử dụng
Là phương tiện thanh toán.
Là công cụ bảo lãnh.
Phạm vi sử dụng
Hợp đồng thương mại hàng hóa (xuất - nhập khẩu).
Nhiều lĩnh vực khác nhau từ tài chính, tín dụng, thương mại, xây dựng đến thuế vụ, hải quan, …
Cơ sở thực hiện cam kết thanh toán của ngân hàng
Người hưởng lợi (người bán) sẽ được ngân hàng thanh toán khi thực hiện đúng các nghĩa vụ trong hợp đồng.
Khi người xin mở L/C không thực hiện đúng nghĩa vụ trong hợp đồng thì ngân hàng sẽ đảm bảo thanh toán cho người hưởng lợi (người bán).
Chứng từ yêu cầu
Các loại chứng từ như hóa đơn, vận đơn, các chứng từ chứng minh việc đã thực hiện giao hàng.
Các tài liệu chứng minh việc không thực hiện đúng các điều khoản, nghĩa vụ về tài chính/pháp lý.
Cơ sở pháp lý của giao dịch
UCP 600
UCP 600
ISP 98
UNCITRAL 1995
Qua bài viết, Helen Express đã cung cấp thông tin về SBLC là gì, vai trò, điều kiện và quy trình thanh toán SBLC. L/C dự phòng hay thư tín dụng dự phòng là loại thư tín dụng ngân hàng phát hành để cam kết thực hiện thanh toán cho bên hưởng lợi (bên bán) trong trường hợp bên yêu cầu mở L/C không thực hiện đúng nghĩa vụ. Bạn cũng cần phân biệt L/C thương mại với L/C dự phòng để tránh hiểu lầm khi làm các nghiệp vụ xuất - nhập khẩu nhé! THÔNG TIN LIÊN HỆ:
Tôi tên là Võ Thành Tú (Thành Tú Võ), hiện tôi đã có 5 năm kinh nghiệm với vị trí nhân viên kinh doanh tại Helen Express. Tôi tốt nghiệp Đại học Hàng hải Việt Nam chuyên ngành Logistics và Quản lý chuỗi cung ứng. Với kiến thức chuyên môn về logistics và kinh nghiệm thực tế, tôi có thể đưa ra các giải pháp tối ưu cho khách hàng về thời gian vận chuyển, chi phí, thủ tục hải quan, bảo hiểm hàng hóa,…. Tôi luôn lắng nghe nhu cầu của khách hàng để đề xuất dịch vụ phù hợp và hiệu quả nhất.