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Văn phòng chính : 33/9 Quách Văn Tuấn, P12, Q. Tân Bình, TP. HCM
Vận đơn theo lệnh (To Order Bill of Lading - B/L) là gì? Phân biệt với vận đơn đích danh và vô danh Trong lĩnh vực xuất nhập khẩu và vận tải quốc tế, vận đơn là một chứng từ không thể thiếu, đóng vai trò xác nhận quyền sở hữu hàng hóa và quy định việc giao nhận. Trong đó, vận đơn theo lệnh (To Order Bill of Lading - B/L) nổi bật với tính linh hoạt, cho phép chuyển nhượng quyền sở hữu thông qua ký hậu, đặc biệt phổ biến trong các giao dịch thanh toán bằng thư tín dụng (L/C). Bài viết dưới đây cùng làm rõ khái niệm vận đơn theo lệnh, các tình huống sử dụng, cách ký hậu, đồng thời phân biệt với vận đơn đích danh và vô danh để giúp doanh nghiệp tối ưu hóa quy trình giao dịch quốc tế.
Vận đơn theo lệnh là gì? Vận đơn theo lệnh (To Order Bill of Lading - B/L) là một loại chứng từ vận tải đường biển, trong đó hàng hóa được giao theo "lệnh" của một bên cụ thể, như người gửi hàng (shipper), người nhận hàng (consignee) hoặc ngân hàng mở L/C. Điểm đặc trưng của vận đơn này là khả năng chuyển nhượng quyền sở hữu thông qua việc ký hậu (endorsement) trên mặt sau của vận đơn gốc (Original B/L) , đảm bảo tính an toàn và pháp lý trong giao dịch quốc tế.
Đặc điểm của vận đơn theo lệnh Tính chuyển nhượng : Cho phép chuyển giao quyền sở hữu hàng hóa bằng cách ký hậu. Ghi chú Consignee : Mục “Consignee” ghi “To order” hoặc “To order of [tên shipper/consignee/ngân hàng]”. Yêu cầu vận đơn gốc : Chỉ bản gốc mới có giá trị để nhận hàng hoặc chuyển nhượng. Ứng dụng phổ biến : Thường dùng trong thanh toán L/C hoặc giao dịch trung gian. Các loại vận đơn theo lệnh To Order of Shipper : Người gửi hàng kiểm soát lô hàng, ký hậu để chỉ định người nhận. To Order of Consignee : Người nhận hàng có thể chuyển nhượng quyền sở hữu cho bên thứ ba. To Order of Issuing Bank : Ngân hàng mở L/C kiểm soát quyền nhận hàng, thường dùng trong thanh toán L/C. Các tình huống sử dụng vận đơn theo lệnh Vận đơn theo lệnh được sử dụng trong ba trường hợp chính, mỗi trường hợp phục vụ mục đích kiểm soát quyền sở hữu hàng hóa:
To Order of Consignee (Theo lệnh của người nhận hàng) Mục "Consignee" ghi "To Order of [tên, địa chỉ, số điện thoại của người nhận hàng]". Đây là lựa chọn phổ biến trong giao dịch trung gian, nơi người nhận muốn kiểm soát quyền nhận hàng.
Ví dụ : Công ty A (Mỹ) bán hàng cho Công ty B (Việt Nam), nhưng B bán lại cho Công ty C (Việt Nam). B yêu cầu A ghi consignee là "To Order of B", còn C được ghi ở mục "Notify Party". Khi hàng đến cảng, C chỉ nhận được hàng nếu B ký hậu vận đơn, thường sau khi C thanh toán đủ tiền hàng.
To Order of Shipper (Theo lệnh của người gửi hàng) Mục "Consignee" ghi "To Order" hoặc "To Order of Shipper". Shipper giữ quyền kiểm soát lô hàng cho đến khi ký hậu chỉ định người nhận.
Ví dụ : Công ty X (Việt Nam) bán hàng cho Công ty Y (Nhật Bản) nhưng chưa nhận đủ thanh toán. X phát hành vận đơn để trống consignee, giữ quyền kiểm soát. Khi Y thanh toán, X ký hậu vận đơn để chuyển quyền nhận hàng cho Y. Nếu Y không thanh toán, X có thể ký hậu để bán lô hàng cho bên thứ ba.
To Order of Issuing Bank (Theo lệnh của ngân hàng mở L/C) Mục "Consignee" ghi "To Order of [tên ngân hàng mở L/C]". Loại này phổ biến trong thanh toán L/C, nơi ngân hàng kiểm soát quyền sở hữu hàng hóa cho đến khi người nhập khẩu thanh toán đủ.
Ví dụ : Công ty Z (Việt Nam) nhập hàng từ Công ty W (Hàn Quốc) qua L/C. Ngân hàng mở L/C yêu cầu vận đơn ghi "To Order of [ngân hàng]". Khi Z thanh toán, ngân hàng ký hậu vận đơn để Z nhận hàng.
Các cách ký hậu vận đơn theo lệnh Ký hậu là hành động ký tên và đóng dấu trên mặt sau vận đơn gốc để chuyển giao quyền sở hữu. Có ba cách ký hậu chính:
Ký hậu đích danh : Ghi rõ "Deliver to [tên người nhận]". Vận đơn trở thành vận đơn đích danh, không thể chuyển nhượng tiếp. Ví dụ : "Deliver to Công ty C" – chỉ Công ty C được nhận hàng. Ký hậu theo lệnh : Ghi "Deliver to Order of [tên người nhận]". Người nhận có thể tiếp tục ký hậu hoặc tự nhận hàng. Ví dụ : "Deliver to Order of Công ty B" – B có thể ký hậu cho bên thứ ba. Ký hậu vô danh (để trống) : Chỉ ký tên và đóng dấu, không ghi câu lệnh. Bất kỳ ai cầm vận đơn đã ký hậu đều có thể nhận hàng, nhưng rủi ro cao nếu vận đơn bị mất.
Trách nhiệm ký hậu Ký hậu miễn truy đòi (Without Recourse) : Người ký hậu không chịu trách nhiệm sau khi chuyển nhượng, ghi thêm "Without Recourse Endorsement". Ký hậu truy đòi (With Recourse) : Người ký hậu chịu trách nhiệm liên đới nếu có tranh chấp, ghi "With Recourse Endorsement". Phân biệt vận đơn theo lệnh, vận đơn đích danh và vô danh Tiêu chí Vận đơn theo lệnh (To Order B/L) Vận đơn đích danh (Straight B/L) Vận đơn vô danh (To Bearer B/L) Định nghĩa Hàng hóa giao theo lệnh của shipper, consignee hoặc ngân hàng, có thể chuyển nhượng. Hàng hóa giao cho một người nhận cụ thể, không chuyển nhượng được. Ai cầm vận đơn đều có quyền nhận hàng, không cần ký hậu. Mục Consignee Ghi “To order” hoặc “To order of [tên shipper/consignee/ngân hàng]”. Ghi rõ tên, địa chỉ người nhận hàng. Để trống hoặc ghi “To bearer”. Khả năng chuyển nhượng Có, thông qua ký hậu (đích danh, theo lệnh, vô danh). Không, chỉ người được chỉ định nhận hàng. Có, bằng cách trao tay, không cần ký hậu. Ứng dụng Thanh toán L/C, giao dịch trung gian, mua bán linh hoạt. Cá nhân, quà biếu, hàng nội bộ công ty, triển lãm. Giao dịch đơn giản, nhưng rủi ro cao do dễ thất lạc. Rủi ro Trung bình, cần kiểm soát vận đơn gốc và ký hậu cẩn thận. Thấp, do chỉ định rõ người nhận. Cao, do bất kỳ ai cầm vận đơn đều có thể nhận hàng. Ví dụ Shipper ký hậu để chuyển nhượng lô hàng cho consignee hoặc bên thứ ba. Gửi quà biếu cho cá nhân cụ thể. Vận đơn để trống, ai cầm đều nhận được hàng.
Lưu ý khi sử dụng vận đơn theo lệnh Yêu cầu vận đơn gốc : Chỉ vận đơn gốc có giá trị chuyển nhượng. Trong thanh toán L/C, ngân hàng thường chỉ ký hậu trên một trong ba bản gốc, cần xuất trình đúng bản có chữ ký. Rủi ro mất vận đơn : Mất vận đơn gốc gây khó khăn trong nhận hàng. Cần liên hệ ngay với hãng tàu, shipper và ngân hàng để xác nhận quyền sở hữu hoặc yêu cầu cấp lại. Không áp dụng cho AWB : Vận đơn hàng không (AWB) không phải chứng từ sở hữu, nên không có dạng “theo lệnh” hoặc ký hậu. Cẩn trọng với ký hậu vô danh : Do bất kỳ ai cầm vận đơn đã ký hậu vô danh đều có thể nhận hàng, cần đảm bảo quản lý chứng từ an toàn. Pháp lý và thỏa thuận : Các bên cần thỏa thuận rõ về trách nhiệm (miễn truy đòi hay truy đòi) để tránh tranh chấp. Vai trò của vận đơn theo lệnh trong xuất nhập khẩu Vận đơn theo lệnh mang lại sự linh hoạt trong giao dịch quốc tế, đặc biệt trong các trường hợp mua bán qua tay hoặc thanh toán L/C. Nó giúp kiểm soát quyền sở hữu, giảm rủi ro cho shipper hoặc ngân hàng, đồng thời tạo điều kiện chuyển nhượng lô hàng dễ dàng. Tuy nhiên, doanh nghiệp cần nắm rõ quy trình ký hậu và yêu cầu pháp lý để đảm bảo giao dịch an toàn và hiệu quả.
Kết luận Vận đơn theo lệnh (To Order B/L) là công cụ quan trọng trong xuất nhập khẩu, mang lại sự linh hoạt và an toàn trong việc chuyển nhượng quyền sở hữu hàng hóa. So với vận đơn đích danh (Straight B/L) và vô danh (To Bearer B/L), vận đơn theo lệnh nổi bật với khả năng kiểm soát lô hàng và hỗ trợ thanh toán quốc tế, đặc biệt qua L/C. Để tận dụng tối đa lợi ích và giảm thiểu rủi ro, doanh nghiệp cần hiểu rõ cách sử dụng, ký hậu và các lưu ý pháp lý. Việc nắm bắt và áp dụng đúng loại vận đơn này sẽ giúp các giao dịch quốc tế diễn ra suôn sẻ, hiệu quả và an toàn.
Đừng quên theo dõi Helen Express để cập nhật thêm nhiều kiến thức hữu ích về logistics và vận chuyển hàng hóa nhé!
Helen Express là đơn vị hàng đầu trong Vận Chuyển Quốc Tế và Chuyển Phát Nhanh từ Việt Nam đến Mỹ, Úc, Canada, và nhiều quốc gia. Với dịch vụ “Door to Door”, Helen Express đảm bảo “Nhanh chóng - Chính xác - An toàn - Tiết kiệm.”
THÔNG TIN LIÊN HỆ :
Địa chỉ : 33/9 Quách Văn Tuấn, P. 12, Q. Tân Bình, TP. HCM
Website : https://helenexpress.com/
Hotline : 0938 320 357
Email : info@helenexpress.com
Câu hỏi thường gặp Vận đơn theo lệnh (To Order B/L) khác gì vận đơn đích danh (Straight B/L)? Vận đơn theo lệnh cho phép chuyển nhượng quyền sở hữu thông qua ký hậu, trong khi vận đơn đích danh chỉ cho phép người được ghi tên nhận hàng, không thể chuyển nhượng.
Tại sao vận đơn theo lệnh phải là bản gốc? Vận đơn gốc là chứng từ sở hữu hợp pháp, đảm bảo tính xác thực và an toàn khi chuyển nhượng quyền sở hữu hàng hóa.
Làm gì nếu mất vận đơn theo lệnh? Liên hệ ngay với hãng tàu, shipper và ngân hàng để xác nhận quyền sở hữu hoặc yêu cầu phát hành vận đơn mới, tuân theo quy trình pháp lý.
Vận đơn theo lệnh có dùng được cho vận tải hàng không? Không, vận đơn hàng không (AWB) không có chức năng chứng từ sở hữu, nên không có dạng "theo lệnh" hoặc ký hậu.
Ký hậu vô danh có rủi ro gì? Ký hậu vô danh cho phép bất kỳ ai cầm vận đơn nhận hàng, dễ dẫn đến rủi ro nếu vận đơn bị mất hoặc thất lạc.
Nguồn tham khảo
Ngọc Anh là một content writer với 3 năm kinh nghiệm trong ngành xuất nhập khẩu. Chuyên viết về các chủ đề liên quan đến xuất nhập khẩu, logistics, và thương mại quốc tế, Ngọc Anh có khả năng biến những thông tin phức tạp thành nội dung dễ hiểu và hấp dẫn. Với sự am hiểu sâu rộng về quy trình xuất nhập khẩu và các quy định pháp lý liên quan, Ngọc Anh không chỉ cung cấp thông tin chính xác mà còn mang đến những góc nhìn mới mẻ và chiến lược cho người đọc. Sự tỉ mỉ và sáng tạo trong công việc đã giúp Ngọc Anh xây dựng được uy tín và tạo ra những bài viết chất lượng cao, hỗ trợ doanh nghiệp phát triển bền vững trên thị trường quốc tế.
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