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Văn phòng chính : 33/9 Quách Văn Tuấn, P12, Q. Tân Bình, TP. HCM
Master Bill of Lading (MBL) là gì? Vai trò và Mẫu đơn mới nhất Trong bối cảnh thương mại quốc tế phát triển mạnh mẽ, Master Bill of Lading (MBL) – hay Vận đơn chủ – là chứng từ thiết yếu trong vận tải biển, hỗ trợ quản lý hàng hóa và đảm bảo quy trình xuất nhập khẩu diễn ra hiệu quả. Vậy MBL là gì ? Bài viết này cung cấp thông tin chi tiết về khái niệm, vai trò, quy trình phát hành, trường hợp sử dụng, nội dung, mẫu MBL mới nhất, và các lưu ý quan trọng dành cho doanh nghiệp hoạt động trong lĩnh vực logistics.
Master Bill of Lading (MBL) là gì? Master Bill of Lading (MBL) , hay Vận đơn chủ , là chứng từ vận chuyển do hãng tàu (carrier) phát hành cho Shipper , có thể là chủ hàng thực tế (Real Shipper) hoặc công ty giao nhận vận tải (Freight Forwarder ). MBL xác nhận hãng tàu đã nhận hàng, cam kết vận chuyển và giao hàng đến Consignee , là người nhập khẩu thực tế (Real Consignee) hoặc đại lý Forwarder tại cảng đích (Forwarding Agent).
MBL khác với House Bill of Lading (HBL) – vận đơn thứ cấp do Forwarder hoặc NVOCC (Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier) phát hành. Để nhận diện MBL, cần kiểm tra:
Thông tin hãng tàu : Logo, tên, địa chỉ, số liên hệ của hãng tàu (ví dụ: Maersk, MSC, Yang Ming, SITC, OOCL).
Mã vận đơn : Độc nhất, hỗ trợ tra cứu lô hàng trên hệ thống hãng tàu.
MBL thường được phát hành thành bộ (thường 3 bản gốc) với nội dung thống nhất, đảm bảo giá trị pháp lý trong giao dịch quốc tế.
Ví dụ : Doanh nghiệp Việt Nam xuất khẩu hạt điều sang Nhật Bản qua hãng tàu MSC sẽ nhận MBL từ MSC, ghi Shipper là doanh nghiệp và Consignee là nhà nhập khẩu Nhật. Nếu qua Forwarder, MBL ghi Shipper là Forwarder và Consignee là đại lý Forwarder tại Nhật.
Vai trò của Master Bill of Lading (MBL) MBL đóng vai trò cốt lõi trong vận tải biển và xuất nhập khẩu, đặc biệt khi 80% khối lượng thương mại toàn cầu được vận chuyển bằng đường biển, trong đó MBL là chứng từ bắt buộc cho hầu hết các lô hàng container hóa ( theo UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport 2024 ). Các vai trò chính của Master Bill of Lading bao gồm:
Chứng từ vận chuyển :
Chứng từ sở hữu hàng hóa :
Bản gốc MBL cho phép Consignee nhận hàng tại cảng đích.
Với vận đơn theo lệnh, MBL có thể chuyển nhượng, hỗ trợ thanh toán qua thư tín dụng (L/C).
Cơ sở pháp lý :
Quy định trách nhiệm pháp lý của hãng tàu, Shipper, và Consignee.
Là căn cứ xử lý tranh chấp, khiếu nại (thời hiệu khiếu nại thường là 1 năm kể từ ngày phát hành).
Phân biệt trách nhiệm :
Phân định rõ vận đơn do hãng tàu (MBL) hay Forwarder (HBL) phát hành, tránh nhầm lẫn trong quy trình xử lý hàng hóa.
MBL cho phép Shipper làm việc trực tiếp với hãng tàu khi xảy ra rủi ro, khác với HBL (phụ thuộc Forwarder).
Hỗ trợ quy trình thông quan :
Khi nào sử dụng Master Bill of Lading? MBL được sử dụng trong hai kịch bản chính, tùy theo phương thức đặt chỗ (booking ) của chủ hàng, áp dụng cho cả FCL (Full Container Load) và LCL (Less than Container Load) :
Booking trực tiếp với hãng tàu Chủ hàng (Real Shipper) liên hệ hãng tàu để thực hiện booking.
Shipper chi trả các khoản phí như Local Charge , cước vận tải, và Terminal Handling Charge (THC) .
MBL ghi Shipper là Real Shipper và Consignee là Real Consignee , không phát sinh HBL do không có Forwarder.
Ví dụ : Công ty xuất khẩu cà phê Việt Nam book trực tiếp với Maersk, nhận MBL từ Maersk.
Booking qua Freight Forwarder Chủ hàng làm việc với Forwarder, Forwarder thay mặt book với hãng tàu.
Shipper trả phí cho Forwarder (bao gồm cước vận tải và phí dịch vụ).
Hãng tàu phát hành MBL cho Forwarder, ghi Shipper là Forwarder và Consignee là đại lý Forwarder tại cảng đích .
Forwarder phát hành HBL cho chủ hàng, ghi Real Shipper và Real Consignee .
Trường hợp này tồn tại cả MBL và HBL.
Ví dụ : Công ty xuất khẩu gỗ qua Forwarder, nhận HBL từ Forwarder, trong khi Forwarder nhận MBL từ hãng tàu SITC.
Lưu ý : Nếu chủ hàng muốn nhận MBL dù book qua Forwarder, Forwarder đóng vai trò môi giới, ghi tên chủ hàng trên MBL. Điều này yêu cầu khối lượng hàng lớn và hợp đồng cam kết với hãng tàu.
Quy trình phát hành Master Bill of Lading Quy trình phát hành MBL bao gồm các bước sau:
Ký hợp đồng vận chuyển : Shipper hoặc Forwarder cung cấp Shipping Instruction (S/I) , bao gồm thông tin hàng hóa, cảng đi/đến, và điều kiện vận chuyển.
Xác minh thông tin : Hãng tàu gán mã booking/tracking, đối chiếu S/I với hợp đồng.
Nhận hàng : Sau khi nhận hàng tại cảng (xác nhận qua Dock Receipt ), hãng tàu phát hành MBL, thường sau khi hàng được xếp lên tàu (Shipped on Board).
Quy trình này áp dụng cho cả FCL (toàn bộ container) và LCL (hàng ghép), với LCL thường kèm HBL từ Forwarder.,
Nội dung của Master Bill of Lading MBL chứa các thông tin quan trọng, đảm bảo tính minh bạch và tuân thủ quy định vận tải quốc tế. Nội dung chính bao gồm:
Thông tin Shipper và Consignee :
Thông tin vận chuyển :
Tên tàu, số chuyến (Voyage Number).
Cảng bốc hàng (Port of Loading - POL) và cảng dỡ hàng (Port of Discharge - POD).
Ngày xếp hàng (Shipped on Board Date).
Thông tin hàng hóa :
Tên hàng, số lượng, khối lượng, số kiện.
Loại bao bì (container 20’/40’, pallet, thùng carton).
Số container và số seal (nếu vận chuyển bằng container).
Điều khoản và điều kiện :
Quy định trách nhiệm của các bên theo công ước quốc tế (Hague-Visby Rules , Hamburg Rules ).
Điều kiện thanh toán cước vận tải (Freight Prepaid hoặc Freight Collect ).
Thông tin hãng tàu :
Logo, tên, địa chỉ, số liên hệ của hãng tàu (ví dụ: MSC, OOCL).
Mã vận đơn (Bill of Lading Number).
Thời hiệu khiếu nại :
Chữ ký và con dấu :
Các loại Master Bill of Lading MBL được phân loại dựa trên các tiêu chí sau:
Theo quyền sở hữu hàng hóa :
Vận đơn đích danh (Straight B/L) : Chỉ Consignee được ghi tên nhận hàng, không chuyển nhượng.
Vận đơn theo lệnh (To Order B/L) : Có thể chuyển nhượng (ghi “To Order of Shipper” hoặc “To Order of [Ngân hàng/Consignee]”), yêu cầu ký hậu.
Theo tình trạng hàng hóa :
Vận đơn hoàn hảo (Clean B/L) : Không ghi chú hư hỏng, được chấp nhận trong thanh toán L/C.
Vận đơn không hoàn hảo (Unclean B/L) : Ghi chú hàng hư hỏng, thường bị từ chối thanh toán.
Theo phương thức vận chuyển :
Theo thời điểm phát hành :
Vận đơn đã xếp hàng (Shipped on Board B/L) : Phát hành khi hàng lên tàu, được người mua ưu tiên.
Vận đơn nhận để xếp (Received for Shipment B/L) : Phát hành khi nhận hàng nhưng chưa xếp lên tàu.
Theo mục đích sử dụng :
Vận đơn gốc (Original B/L) : Bộ 3 bản gốc, dùng để nhận hàng, phù hợp thanh toán L/C.
Vận đơn Surrender : Kèm Telex Release để giải phóng hàng mà không cần bản gốc.
Seaway Bill : Tự động trả hàng cho Consignee, rủi ro nếu chưa nhận thanh toán.
Mẫu Master Bill of Lading mới nhất Dưới đây là mẫu MBL chuẩn, tuân thủ quy định quốc tế và thực tiễn tại Việt Nam:
Ghi chú : Mẫu này có thể tùy chỉnh theo yêu cầu của hãng tàu (MSC, Maersk, v.v.). Doanh nghiệp cần cung cấp Shipping Instruction chính xác để đảm bảo thông tin trên MBL khớp với hợp đồng.
Lưu ý khi sử dụng Master Bill of Lading Để tối ưu hóa việc sử dụng MBL và giảm thiểu rủi ro, doanh nghiệp cần lưu ý:
Lựa chọn phương thức booking :
Với lô hàng lớn và ổn định, booking trực tiếp với hãng tàu để nhận MBL, giảm phụ thuộc vào Forwarder.
Nếu qua Forwarder, yêu cầu MBL thay vì HBL để chủ động xử lý tranh chấp với hãng tàu.
Ưu tiên vận đơn gốc :
Original MBL đảm bảo quyền nhận hàng, phù hợp với thanh toán L/C.
Nếu dùng Surrender B/L hoặc Seaway Bill , xác nhận thanh toán hoàn tất trước khi giải phóng hàng.
Kiểm tra thông tin :
Đối chiếu Shipper, Consignee, thông tin hàng hóa, cảng đi/đến với hợp đồng, hóa đơn, và packing list.
Sai sót trên MBL có thể gây chậm trễ thông quan hoặc từ chối nhận hàng.
So sánh MBL và HBL :
MBL cho phép Shipper làm việc trực tiếp với hãng tàu, hỗ trợ khởi kiện nếu xảy ra tranh chấp.
HBL khiến Shipper phụ thuộc vào Forwarder, hạn chế quyền xử lý rủi ro (mất hàng, hư hỏng).
Quản lý chi phí :
Tuân thủ công ước quốc tế :
Liên hệ hãng tàu :
Master Bill of Lading (MBL) là chứng từ cốt lõi trong vận tải biển, đảm bảo hàng hóa được vận chuyển minh bạch, an toàn và tuân thủ pháp lý. Việc nắm rõ MBL là gì , vai trò, quy trình phát hành, cách sử dụng, và các loại MBL giúp doanh nghiệp tối ưu hóa quy trình xuất nhập khẩu, giảm rủi ro và nâng cao hiệu quả logistics. Hy vọng với mẫu MBL mới nhất và các lưu ý thực tiễn, bài viết cung cấp kiến thức hỗ trợ doanh nghiệp tự tin trong giao dịch quốc tế. Đừng quên theo dõi Helen Express để cập nhật thêm nhiều kiến thức hữu ích về logistics và vận chuyển hàng hóa nhé!
Helen Express (Công ty TNHH Vận Chuyển Helen Express) là đơn vị hàng đầu trong lĩnh vực Vận Chuyển Quốc Tế và Chuyển Phát Nhanh từ Việt Nam đến Mỹ, Úc, Canada và nhiều quốc gia khác. Với vai trò là đại lý thu gom cho các công ty chuyển phát nhanh quốc tế uy tín, Helen Express hoạt động theo phương thức “Door to Door” tại Việt Nam, đảm bảo dịch vụ “Nhanh chóng - Chính xác - An toàn - Tiết kiệm.”
Với đội ngũ nhân viên giàu kinh nghiệm của chúng tôi luôn đảm bảo thủ tục đơn giản, giao hàng đúng thời gian, giúp khách hàng hoàn toàn yên tâm khi sử dụng dịch vụ. Helen Express tự hào là đối tác đáng tin cậy cho mọi nhu cầu vận chuyển quốc tế của bạn.
THÔNG TIN LIÊN HỆ:
Ngọc Anh là một content writer với 3 năm kinh nghiệm trong ngành xuất nhập khẩu. Chuyên viết về các chủ đề liên quan đến xuất nhập khẩu, logistics, và thương mại quốc tế, Ngọc Anh có khả năng biến những thông tin phức tạp thành nội dung dễ hiểu và hấp dẫn. Với sự am hiểu sâu rộng về quy trình xuất nhập khẩu và các quy định pháp lý liên quan, Ngọc Anh không chỉ cung cấp thông tin chính xác mà còn mang đến những góc nhìn mới mẻ và chiến lược cho người đọc. Sự tỉ mỉ và sáng tạo trong công việc đã giúp Ngọc Anh xây dựng được uy tín và tạo ra những bài viết chất lượng cao, hỗ trợ doanh nghiệp phát triển bền vững trên thị trường quốc tế.
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