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Văn phòng chính : 33/9 Quách Văn Tuấn, P12, Q. Tân Bình, TP. HCM
Tờ khai hải quan là gì? Vai trò, thủ tục và hướng dẫn khai báo 2025 Trong hoạt động xuất nhập khẩu, tờ khai hải quan (Customs Declaration) là tài liệu bắt buộc giúp doanh nghiệp kê khai thông tin lô hàng để thông quan hợp pháp tại Việt Nam. Với sự cập nhật liên tục của các quy định hải quan, việc nắm rõ mẫu tờ khai mới nhất năm 2025, cách điền chính xác, và quy trình khai báo điện tử qua phần mềm VNACCS là điều cần thiết. Bài viết này sẽ cung cấp thông tin chi tiết về tờ khai hải quan là gì , vai trò, cách điền, thủ tục, và các lưu ý quan trọng để hỗ trợ bạn tối ưu hóa quy trình xuất nhập khẩu.
Tờ khai hải quan là gì? Tờ khai hải quan , được gọi là Customs Declaration hoặc Customs Entry , là văn bản pháp lý mà chủ hàng, chủ phương tiện, hoặc người được ủy quyền phải kê khai đầy đủ thông tin về lô hàng khi xuất khẩu, nhập khẩu, hoặc quá cảnh qua lãnh thổ Việt Nam. Tài liệu này cung cấp các thông tin quan trọng như loại hàng hóa, số lượng, giá trị, xuất xứ, và thông tin của người xuất nhập khẩu, giúp cơ quan hải quan kiểm soát, tính thuế, và thống kê thương mại.
Đặc điểm chính :
Tên gọi : Tờ khai nhập khẩu, tờ khai xuất khẩu, hoặc tờ khai quá cảnh, tùy theo loại hình. Hình thức : Chủ yếu là tờ khai điện tử, truyền qua phần mềm VNACCS/ECUS5 hoặc FPT.TQDT kể từ năm 2014, thay thế tờ khai giấy (trừ hàng phi mậu dịch như quà tặng). Cơ sở pháp lý : Quy định tại Luật Hải quan 2014, Thông tư 38/2015/TT-BTC, và Thông tư 39/2018/TT-BTC. Ví dụ thực tế : Khi xuất khẩu gạo sang Nhật Bản, doanh nghiệp cần lập tờ khai hải quan, ghi rõ số lượng, mã HS, xuất xứ (C/O Form AJ), và điều kiện giao hàng (Incoterms như FOB) để thông quan.
Tờ khai hải quan là văn bản pháp lý cần khai báo về hàng hóa khi xuất khẩu hoặc nhập khẩu
Vai trò của tờ khai hải quan Tờ khai hải quan đóng vai trò cốt lõi trong xuất nhập khẩu, mang lại nhiều lợi ích cho cả doanh nghiệp và cơ quan quản lý. Dưới đây là các vai trò quan trọng:
Cơ sở pháp lý để thông quan : Tờ khai là chứng từ bắt buộc trong bộ hồ sơ hải quan, cho phép cơ quan hải quan kiểm tra hàng hóa và cấp phép thông quan. Nếu thiếu hoặc sai thông tin, lô hàng có thể bị giữ tại cảng, gây tốn kém chi phí lưu kho.
Tính thuế và phí hải quan : Dựa trên giá trị lô hàng, mã HS, và xuất xứ, cơ quan hải quan tính thuế xuất nhập khẩu, thuế VAT, và các phí liên quan. Ví dụ, hàng dệt may xuất sang EU có C/O Form EVFTA có thể được miễn thuế nhập khẩu.
Kiểm soát hàng hóa : Tờ khai giúp ngăn chặn hàng cấm (ma túy, vũ khí), hàng giả, hoặc gian lận thương mại (khai sai giá trị để trốn thuế). Điều này đảm bảo an ninh quốc gia và bảo vệ người tiêu dùng.
Thống kê thương mại quốc gia : Thông tin từ tờ khai được tổng hợp để phân tích kim ngạch xuất nhập khẩu, hỗ trợ Chính phủ xây dựng chính sách kinh tế và báo cáo quốc tế (WTO, ASEAN).
Chứng từ kế toán và quản lý : Doanh nghiệp sử dụng tờ khai để hạch toán chi phí, theo dõi lô hàng, và làm cơ sở đối chiếu với đối tác quốc tế.
Tờ khai hải quan không chỉ giúp doanh nghiệp tuân thủ pháp luật mà còn nâng cao uy tín khi giao dịch với các thị trường khó tính như EU, Nhật Bản.
Các loại tờ khai hải quan Tùy thuộc vào mục đích và loại hình xuất nhập khẩu, tờ khai hải quan được chia thành nhiều loại, mỗi loại phục vụ nhu cầu cụ thể:
Tờ khai nhập khẩu : Dùng cho hàng hóa nhập vào Việt Nam để tiêu thụ hoặc sản xuất. Ví dụ: Nhập khẩu máy móc từ Đức để lắp ráp ô tô.
Tờ khai xuất khẩu : Áp dụng cho hàng hóa xuất ra nước ngoài, như cà phê, gạo, hoặc dệt may. Tờ khai này thường kèm C/O để hưởng ưu đãi thuế.
Tờ khai quá cảnh : Dùng cho hàng hóa vận chuyển qua Việt Nam nhưng không lưu hành nội địa, ví dụ: Hàng từ Trung Quốc qua cảng Hải Phòng đến Lào.
Tờ khai tạm nhập tái xuất : Áp dụng cho hàng hóa nhập vào Việt Nam tạm thời (triển lãm, sửa chữa) rồi tái xuất. Ví dụ: Máy móc tham gia hội chợ tại TP. Hồ Chí Minh, sau đó xuất trả về Nhật Bản.
Tờ khai gia công : Dùng cho hàng hóa nhập để gia công rồi xuất lại, như linh kiện điện tử nhập từ Hàn Quốc để lắp ráp điện thoại.
Lưu ý : Mỗi loại tờ khai có mã nghiệp vụ riêng trên VNACCS (IDA cho nhập khẩu, EDA cho xuất khẩu), và yêu cầu chứng từ bổ sung khác nhau, như giấy phép nhập khẩu cho hàng quản lý chuyên ngành.
Trên VNACCS dùng mã EDA cho xuất khẩu
Bộ hồ sơ tờ khai hải quan Theo quy định tại Thông tư 38/2015/TT-BTC , một bộ hồ sơ tờ khai hải quan bao gồm:
Tờ khai hải quan : Lập theo mẫu HQ/2015/NK (nhập khẩu) hoặc HQ/2015/XK (xuất khẩu) , truyền qua VNACCS. Hợp đồng thương mại : Bản sao hợp đồng mua bán hoặc ủy thác. Hóa đơn thương mại (Invoice) : Ghi rõ giá trị, số lượng, và mô tả hàng hóa. Bảng kê chi tiết hàng hóa (Packing List) : Liệt kê số lượng kiện, trọng lượng. Vận đơn (Bill of Lading) : Xác nhận phương thức vận chuyển (đường biển, hàng không). Giấy chứng nhận xuất xứ (C/O) : Nếu áp dụng ưu đãi thuế quan (FTA như EVFTA, CPTPP). Các giấy phép liên quan : Giấy kiểm dịch, giấy chứng nhận chất lượng (nếu hàng hóa thuộc diện quản lý chuyên ngành). Lưu ý : Hồ sơ có thể được nộp điện tử qua VNACCS hoặc bổ sung bản giấy nếu cơ quan hải quan yêu cầu.
Mẫu HQ/2015/XK dành cho xuất khẩu
Quy trình truyền tờ khai hải quan điện tử năm 2025 Truyền tờ khai hải quan qua phần mềm VNACCS là bắt buộc cho hàng hóa thương mại kể từ năm 2014. Dưới đây là các bước thực hiện, dựa trên quy định tại Thông tư 38/2015/TT-BTC:
Chuẩn bị : Mua chữ ký số (CA) và đăng ký tài khoản trên VNACCS. Thu thập chứng từ: Hợp đồng, Invoice, Packing List, C/O, Bill of Lading. Đăng nhập VNACCS : Truy cập Tổng cục Hải Quan Việt Nam , đăng nhập bằng chữ ký số. Chọn “Đăng ký mới tờ khai nhập khẩu (IDA)” hoặc “Xuất khẩu (EDA)”. Nhập thông tin : Ghi chi tiết hàng hóa (tên, mã HS, số lượng, giá trị), phương thức vận chuyển, và mã địa điểm lưu kho (nếu có). Kiểm tra mã HS và xuất xứ để áp dụng đúng thuế suất. Gửi tờ khai : Chọn mã nghiệp vụ “IDA” (nhập khẩu) hoặc “EDA” (xuất khẩu) để gửi. Hệ thống trả về số tờ khai và kết quả phân luồng: Luồng Xanh : Thông quan ngay. Luồng Vàng : Kiểm tra hồ sơ. Luồng Đỏ : Kiểm tra thực tế hàng hóa. Sửa đổi (nếu cần) : Nếu thông tin sai, dùng mã nghiệp vụ “IDB” để chỉnh sửa và gửi lại. In và nộp hồ sơ : In tờ khai đã được chấp nhận, nộp cùng bộ hồ sơ giấy (nếu yêu cầu). Những lưu ý quan trọng khi lập tờ khai hải quan Để tránh rủi ro pháp lý và chậm trễ thông quan, bạn cần lưu ý:
Điền thông tin chính xác : Sai sót về mã HS, giá trị, hoặc xuất xứ có thể dẫn đến phạt hành chính hoặc truy thu thuế. Khai sai không bổ sung bị xem là trốn thuế, theo Nghị định 128/2021/NĐ-CP. Sử dụng VNACCS : Tờ khai điện tử là bắt buộc cho hàng thương mại. Tờ khai giấy chỉ áp dụng cho hàng phi mậu dịch (quà tặng, tài sản di chuyển). Kiểm tra yêu cầu nước nhập khẩu : Một số nước (EU, Nhật Bản) yêu cầu kèm C/O cụ thể (EVFTA, CPTPP) hoặc chứng từ bổ sung. Lưu trữ hồ sơ : Lưu trữ tờ khai và hồ sơ hải quan ít nhất 5 năm để phục vụ kiểm tra sau thông quan, theo Luật Hải quan 2014. Hiểu rõ tờ khai hải quan là gì cùng vai trò và thủ tục lập tờ khai là yếu tố then chốt để doanh nghiệp xuất nhập khẩu thông quan nhanh chóng, hợp pháp. Việc nắm vững quy trình truyền tờ khai qua VNACCS, chuẩn bị đầy đủ hồ sơ, và tuân thủ các lưu ý theo quy định 2025 sẽ giúp bạn tiết kiệm thời gian, chi phí, và tránh rủi ro pháp lý. Hãy kiểm tra kỹ thông tin để tối ưu hóa quy trình hải quan. Đừng quên theo dõi Helen Express để cập nhật thêm nhiều kiến thức hữu ích về logistics và vận chuyển hàng hóa nhé!
Helen Express (Công ty TNHH Vận Chuyển Helen Express) là đơn vị hàng đầu trong lĩnh vực Vận Chuyển Quốc Tế và Chuyển Phát Nhanh từ Việt Nam đến Mỹ, Úc, Canada và nhiều quốc gia khác. Với vai trò là đại lý thu gom cho các công ty chuyển phát nhanh quốc tế uy tín, Helen Express hoạt động theo phương thức “Door to Door” tại Việt Nam, đảm bảo dịch vụ “Nhanh chóng - Chính xác - An toàn - Tiết kiệm.”
Với đội ngũ nhân viên giàu kinh nghiệm của chúng tôi luôn đảm bảo thủ tục đơn giản, giao hàng đúng thời gian, giúp khách hàng hoàn toàn yên tâm khi sử dụng dịch vụ. Helen Express tự hào là đối tác đáng tin cậy cho mọi nhu cầu vận chuyển quốc tế của bạn.
THÔNG TIN LIÊN HỆ:
Ngọc Anh là một content writer với 3 năm kinh nghiệm trong ngành xuất nhập khẩu. Chuyên viết về các chủ đề liên quan đến xuất nhập khẩu, logistics, và thương mại quốc tế, Ngọc Anh có khả năng biến những thông tin phức tạp thành nội dung dễ hiểu và hấp dẫn. Với sự am hiểu sâu rộng về quy trình xuất nhập khẩu và các quy định pháp lý liên quan, Ngọc Anh không chỉ cung cấp thông tin chính xác mà còn mang đến những góc nhìn mới mẻ và chiến lược cho người đọc. Sự tỉ mỉ và sáng tạo trong công việc đã giúp Ngọc Anh xây dựng được uy tín và tạo ra những bài viết chất lượng cao, hỗ trợ doanh nghiệp phát triển bền vững trên thị trường quốc tế.
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