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Văn phòng chính : 33/9 Quách Văn Tuấn, P12, Q. Tân Bình, TP. HCM
Phương thức thanh toán D/A là gì trong xuất nhập khẩu? Phân biệt với D/P Phương thức thanh toán D/A là một hình thức thanh toán phổ biến trong xuất nhập khẩu, đặc biệt với các doanh nghiệp Việt Nam giao dịch quốc tế. Tuy nhiên, D/A tiềm ẩn nhiều rủi ro hơn so với D/P do đặc thù thanh toán sau khi chấp nhận hối phiếu. Vậy phương thức thanh toán D/A là gì, quy trình thực hiện, ưu nhược điểm, so sánh với D/P và lưu ý để doanh nghiệp giảm thiểu rủi ro như thế nào? Cùng tìm hiểu trong bài viết dưới đây.
Phương thức thanh toán D/A là gì? Phương thức thanh toán D/A (Documents Against Acceptance) là hình thức thanh toán trong đó người nhập khẩu nhận bộ chứng từ từ ngân hàng sau khi chấp nhận hối phiếu kỳ hạn, cam kết thanh toán vào một ngày nhất định trong tương lai. Bộ chứng từ bao gồm hóa đơn thương mại, vận đơn, chứng nhận xuất xứ (C/O), và các giấy tờ liên quan. Không giống D/P, người nhập khẩu không cần thanh toán ngay mà chỉ cần ký chấp nhận hối phiếu để nhận chứng từ và lấy hàng.
D/A thường được sử dụng trong giao dịch với đối tác có độ tin cậy cao, nhưng rủi ro lớn cho người xuất khẩu nếu người nhập khẩu không thanh toán đúng hạn. Phương thức này phổ biến trong các ngành dệt may, nông sản, và thủy sản tại Việt Nam khi xuất khẩu sang các thị trường như EU, Mỹ, và Nhật Bản.
Thanh toán D/A phổ biến trong các ngành dệt may, nông sản, và thủy sản tại Việt Nam khi xuất khẩu
Quy trình thanh toán D/A Quy trình thanh toán D/A bao gồm các bước sau:
Ký hợp đồng : Người xuất khẩu và nhập khẩu thỏa thuận sử dụng phương thức thanh toán D/A , nêu rõ điều kiện thanh toán, kỳ hạn hối phiếu, và bộ chứng từ yêu cầu.
Giao hàng và lập chứng từ : Người xuất khẩu chuẩn bị hàng hóa, giao hàng, và lập bộ chứng từ (hóa đơn, vận đơn, C/O, hối phiếu kỳ hạn, v.v.).
Gửi chứng từ qua ngân hàng : Người xuất khẩu gửi bộ chứng từ và hối phiếu kỳ hạn đến ngân hàng của mình (ngân hàng xuất khẩu), sau đó chuyển đến ngân hàng thông báo (ngân hàng của người nhập khẩu).
Chấp nhận hối phiếu : Ngân hàng thông báo yêu cầu người nhập khẩu ký chấp nhận hối phiếu, cam kết thanh toán vào ngày đáo hạn (thường 30, 60, hoặc 90 ngày).
Giao chứng từ : Sau khi người nhập khẩu chấp nhận hối phiếu, ngân hàng thông báo giao bộ chứng từ để người nhập khẩu nhận hàng.
Thanh toán khi đáo hạn : Người nhập khẩu thanh toán số tiền trên hối phiếu cho ngân hàng vào ngày đáo hạn, ngân hàng chuyển tiền cho người xuất khẩu.
Lưu ý : Nếu người nhập khẩu không thanh toán đúng hạn, người xuất khẩu có thể gặp rủi ro mất tiền, trong khi hàng đã được giao.
Ưu điểm của phương thức thanh toán D/A Linh hoạt cho người nhập khẩu : Người nhập khẩu có thời gian xoay vốn trước khi thanh toán, phù hợp với các doanh nghiệp cần thời gian bán hàng để tạo dòng tiền.
Chi phí thấp hơn L/C : So với thư tín dụng (L/C), D/A có chi phí thấp hơn do không yêu cầu cam kết thanh toán từ ngân hàng phát hành.
Đơn giản hóa thủ tục : Quy trình D/A ít phức tạp hơn L/C, phù hợp với giao dịch giá trị vừa và nhỏ.
Hỗ trợ đối tác thân quen : D/A thường được sử dụng với các đối tác đã có lịch sử giao dịch lâu dài, tăng tính linh hoạt trong hợp tác.
Nhược điểm của phương thức thanh toán D/A Rủi ro cao cho người xuất khẩu : Người nhập khẩu nhận chứng từ và hàng hóa trước khi thanh toán, dẫn đến nguy cơ không thu được tiền nếu người nhập khẩu mất khả năng thanh toán.
Phụ thuộc vào uy tín đối tác : D/A không có cam kết thanh toán từ ngân hàng, nên rủi ro phụ thuộc hoàn toàn vào người nhập khẩu.
Chi phí lưu kho và xử lý : Nếu người nhập khẩu từ chối thanh toán, hàng hóa có thể bị kẹt tại cảng, phát sinh chi phí lưu kho hoặc vận chuyển ngược.
Tranh chấp pháp lý : Việc xử lý tranh chấp trong D/A phức tạp hơn, đặc biệt nếu hợp đồng không rõ ràng hoặc người nhập khẩu ở quốc gia có hệ thống pháp lý khác biệt.
Theo Vietnambiz, D/A rủi ro hơn D/P vì người xuất khẩu mất quyền kiểm soát chứng từ trước khi nhận tiền, khiến phương thức này ít được khuyến khích trong giao dịch với đối tác mới.
Phương thức thanh toán D/A có ưu nhược điểm cần lưu ý
Phân biệt phương thức thanh toán D/A và D/P Tiêu chí D/A (Documents Against Acceptance) D/P (Documents Against Payment) Thời điểm thanh toán Thanh toán khi hối phiếu đáo hạn (30-90 ngày) Thanh toán ngay khi nhận chứng từ Rủi ro cho người xuất khẩu Cao hơn, do giao chứng từ trước khi thanh toán Thấp hơn, chỉ giao chứng từ sau khi thanh toán Chi phí Thấp hơn, do liên quan đến hối phiếu kỳ hạn Thấp hơn D/A, không cần hối phiếu Phù hợp với Đối tác tin cậy, cần thời gian xoay vốn Giao dịch nhỏ, đối tác tin cậy Kiểm soát chứng từ Người xuất khẩu mất kiểm soát sau khi hối phiếu được chấp nhận Người xuất khẩu giữ kiểm soát đến khi nhận tiền
Lưu ý : D/P an toàn hơn D/A cho người xuất khẩu, nhưng D/A phù hợp hơn nếu người nhập khẩu cần thời gian thanh toán dài hơn. D/A thường được chọn khi hai bên đã có quan hệ lâu dài, trong khi D/P phù hợp với giao dịch mới.
Khi nào nên sử dụng phương thức thanh toán D/A? Phương thức thanh toán D/A phù hợp trong các trường hợp:
Giao dịch với đối tác có uy tín cao, đã hợp tác lâu dài. Người nhập khẩu cần thời gian xoay vốn để thanh toán. Giá trị hợp đồng vừa và nhỏ, không cần bảo đảm phức tạp như L/C. Lưu ý :
Ký hợp đồng rõ ràng, nêu chi tiết kỳ hạn hối phiếu và biện pháp xử lý tranh chấp. Kiểm tra uy tín đối tác qua báo cáo tài chính hoặc lịch sử giao dịch. Hợp tác với ngân hàng uy tín để đảm bảo quy trình minh bạch. Lưu ý khi sử dụng phương thức thanh toán D/A Kiểm tra hợp đồng kỹ lưỡng : Đảm bảo hợp đồng quy định rõ kỳ hạn hối phiếu, điều kiện thanh toán, và biện pháp xử lý nếu người nhập khẩu không thanh toán.
Chọn ngân hàng uy tín : Hợp tác với ngân hàng có kinh nghiệm trong giao dịch quốc tế để xử lý hối phiếu và chứng từ chính xác.
Theo dõi thanh toán đáo hạn : Liên hệ thường xuyên với ngân hàng để nắm tình trạng thanh toán của người nhập khẩu.
Dự phòng rủi ro : Chuẩn bị phương án xử lý nếu người nhập khẩu không thanh toán, như bán hàng cho bên thứ ba hoặc vận chuyển ngược.
Tuân thủ quy định ICC : Nắm rõ quy tắc URC 522 của Phòng Thương mại Quốc tế (ICC) về thanh toán D/A để tránh tranh chấp.
Phương thức thanh toán D/A là giải pháp linh hoạt cho các giao dịch xuất nhập khẩu, đặc biệt khi người nhập khẩu cần thời gian xoay vốn. Tuy nhiên, rủi ro cao cho người xuất khẩu khiến doanh nghiệp cần thận trọng khi sử dụng. Để tối ưu hóa lợi ích, doanh nghiệp Việt Nam nên kiểm tra uy tín đối tác, ký hợp đồng rõ ràng, và hợp tác với ngân hàng uy tín. So với D/P, D/A phù hợp hơn với các đối tác thân quen, nhưng cần cân nhắc kỹ để giảm thiểu rủi ro tài chính.
Đừng quên theo dõi Helen Express để cập nhật thêm nhiều kiến thức hữu ích về logistics và vận chuyển hàng hóa nhé!
Helen Express là đơn vị hàng đầu trong Vận Chuyển Quốc Tế và Chuyển Phát Nhanh từ Việt Nam đến Mỹ, Úc, Canada, và nhiều quốc gia. Với dịch vụ “Door to Door”, Helen Express đảm bảo “Nhanh chóng - Chính xác - An toàn - Tiết kiệm.”
THÔNG TIN LIÊN HỆ :
Nguồn tham khảo :
Ngọc Anh là một content writer với 3 năm kinh nghiệm trong ngành xuất nhập khẩu. Chuyên viết về các chủ đề liên quan đến xuất nhập khẩu, logistics, và thương mại quốc tế, Ngọc Anh có khả năng biến những thông tin phức tạp thành nội dung dễ hiểu và hấp dẫn. Với sự am hiểu sâu rộng về quy trình xuất nhập khẩu và các quy định pháp lý liên quan, Ngọc Anh không chỉ cung cấp thông tin chính xác mà còn mang đến những góc nhìn mới mẻ và chiến lược cho người đọc. Sự tỉ mỉ và sáng tạo trong công việc đã giúp Ngọc Anh xây dựng được uy tín và tạo ra những bài viết chất lượng cao, hỗ trợ doanh nghiệp phát triển bền vững trên thị trường quốc tế.
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